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The sound system of Norwegian resembles that of Swedish. There is considerable variation among the dialects, and all pronunciations are considered by official policy to be equally correct. The variant generally taught to foreign students is the so-called Standard Eastern Norwegian ((ノルウェー語:Standard Østnorsk)), loosely based on the speech of the literate classes of the Oslo area. Despite there being no official standard variety of Norwegian, Standard Østnorsk has traditionally been used in public venues such as theatre and TV, although today local dialects are used extensively in spoken and visual media. Unless noted otherwise, this article describes the phonology of Standard Eastern Norwegian. ==Consonants== * are laminal , either alveolar or denti-alveolar . * are aspirated fully voiceless , whereas are unaspirated, either fully voiceless or partially voiced . After within the same syllable, only unaspirated voiceless stops occur. * is dentalized laminal alveolar or (uncommonly) non-retracted apical alveolar . * is pronounced with protruded lips . The degree of protrusion depends on the rounding of the following vowel. * is a (usually voiceless) fricative. The friction is normally glottal , but sometimes it is dorsal: palatal when near front vowels, velar near back vowels. It can be voiced between two voiced sounds. * are partially voiced or fully voiceless when they occur after (but not when precedes within the same syllable). The flap is also partially voiced or fully voiceless when it occurs postvocalically before . * The approximants may be realized as fricatives : * * is sometimes a fricative, especially before a pause and in emphatic pronunciation. * * There is not an agreement about the frequency of occurrence of the fricative allophone of : * * * states that is sometimes a fricative. * * * states that the fricative variant of occurs often, especially before and after close vowels and in energetic pronunciation. * is in process of changing from laminal denti-alveolar to apical alveolar , which leads to neutralization with the retroflex allophone . Laminal realization is still possible before vowels, after front and close vowels and after consonants that are not coronal, and is obligatory after coronal stops. A velarized laminal occurs after mid back and open back vowels, sometimes also after . However, states that at least in Oslo, the laminal variant is not velarized, and the difference is only between an apical and a laminal realization.〔, cited in 〕 * is an voiced apical alveolar flap . It is occasionally trilled , e.g. in emphatic speech. * Retroflex allophones have been variously described as apical alveolar and apical postalveolar . * alternates with in many words, but there is a small number of words in which only occurs. * are velar, whereas is palatal. * may be palatal , but is often alveolo-palatal instead. It is unstable in many dialects, and younger speakers in Bergen, Stavanger and Oslo merge with into . * Glottal stop may be inserted before word-initial vowels. In very emphatic speech, it can also be inserted word-medially in stressed syllables beginning with a vowel. Most of the retroflex (and postalveolar) consonants are mutations of +any other alveolar/dental consonant; rn > , rt > , rl > , rs > , etc. across word boundaries (sandhi), in loanwords and in a group of primarily literary words may be pronounced , ''e.g.'', ' , but it may also be pronounced in some dialects. Most of the dialects in Eastern, Central and Northern Norway use the retroflex consonants. Most Southern and Western dialects do not have these retroflex sounds, because in these areas a guttural realization of the phoneme is commonplace, and seems to be expanding. Depending on phonetic context voiceless () or voiced uvular fricatives () are used. (See map at right.) Other possible pronunciations include a uvular approximant or, more rarely, a uvular trill . There is, however, a small number of dialects that use both the uvular ''and'' the retroflex allophones. The retroflex flap, , colloquially known to Norwegians as ''tjukk l'' ('thick l'), is a Central Scandinavian innovation that exists in Eastern Norwegian (including ''Trøndersk''), the southmost Northern dialects, and the most eastern Western Norwegian dialects. It is supposedly non-existent in most Western and Northern dialects. Today there is doubtlessly distinctive opposition between and in the dialects that do have , e.g. ''gard'' 'farm' and ''gal'' 'crazy' in many Eastern Norwegian dialects. Although traditionally an Eastern Norwegian dialect phenomenon, it was considered vulgar, and for a long time it was avoided. Nowadays it is considered standard in the Eastern and Central Norwegian dialects, but is still clearly avoided in high-prestige sociolects or standardized speech. This avoidance calls into question the status of as a phoneme in certain sociolects. According to the Danish phonetician Nina Grønnum, ''tjukk l'' in Trøndersk is actually a postalveolar ''lateral'' flap . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Norwegian phonology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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